Preheat oven to 425°F (218°C) and line a 12-cup muffin tin with paper liners.
In a large bowl, rub the fresh lemon zest into the granulated sugar with your fingertips until fragrant and clumped.
Whisk the melted butter, eggs, and vanilla into the lemon sugar. Then, whisk in the sourdough discard, milk, and lemon juice until smooth.
In a separate bowl, whisk together the flour, baking powder, baking soda, kosher salt, and poppy seeds.
Gently fold the dry ingredients into the wet ingredients using a spatula until just combined. Do not overmix.
Toss blueberries with 1 teaspoon of flour, then fold them gently into the batter.
Let the batter rest at room temperature for 15 minutes to hydrate the flour.
Divide the batter evenly among the 12 muffin cups. Sprinkle the tops with the remaining 2 tablespoons of sugar.
Bake at 425°F for 5 minutes. Without opening the oven door, lower the temperature to 350°F (175°C) and bake for an additional 15-18 minutes until a toothpick comes out clean.
Cool in the pan for 5 minutes before transferring to a wire rack to cool completely.